And now for the main event…

Donald Trump was supposed to be Silicon Valley’s president, but history rarely plays out according to plan. The morning after the U.S. and Israel began their airstrikes on Iran on February 28, Iranian drones hit several Amazon data centers—two in the U.A.E. and one in Bahrain. The strikes, according to the company, “caused structural damage, disrupted power delivery to our infrastructure, and in some cases required fire suppression activities that resulted in additional water damage.” By the end of the month, another Amazon data center in Bahrain was reportedly struck. (Amazon did not return a request for comment, but a spokesperson pointed me to an A.W.S. blog post noting that its “Bahrain Region has been disrupted as a result of the ongoing conflict.”)

While Trump made headlines with his somewhat recent spate of A.I. dealmaking in the Gulf, the largest U.S. tech companies have been quietly scaling in the Middle East for the better part of a decade. Seven years ago, Microsoft launched its first two data center regions in the Middle East, in Abu Dhabi and Dubai; in 2022, it opened a third data center region in Qatar. Between 2023 and the end of the decade, the company has said, it will spend more than $15 billion in the U.A.E., a substantial portion of which will go to A.I. and cloud infrastructure. Amazon, meanwhile, launched its first Middle East data center region in Bahrain in 2019 and followed up with another, in the U.A.E., in 2022. In 2024, it committed to spending more than $5 billion on data center build-outs in Saudi Arabia. Google Cloud operates data center regions in Saudi Arabia and Qatar; Oracle has built infrastructure in the U.A.E. and Saudi Arabia; and OpenAI is building a 5-gigawatt data center in Abu Dhabi for its Stargate project as part of a partnership between the U.S. and the U.A.E. The hyperscalers’ motivations are obvious: As PwC noted in a 2025 report, land and power are cheap and abundant in the region—as is, well, money. Saudi Arabia, the U.A.E., and Qatar have all committed to investing billions of dollars in data centers and A.I. as their sovereign wealth funds seek to diversify away from oil. And the investments go beyond local infrastructure: MGX, the A.I. investment firm created by the Abu Dhabi government, is a lead investor in OpenAI and xAI. Qatar’s Investment Authority has invested in Anthropic, and Saudi Arabia’s Humain has invested billions in xAI. Naturally, these relationships were turbocharged by President Trump, who, in May of last year, announced $200 billion in commercial deals between the U.S. and the U.A.E. At the time, Trump said that the trade relationship “will contribute to the U.S. boom in A.I. infrastructure, semiconductors, energy, quantum computing, biotechnology, and manufacturing.” As the war rages into its second unpredictable month, however, these investments have grown vulnerable. Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps has threatened 18 U.S. tech and finance companies that own or operate infrastructure in the Middle East—Microsoft, Apple, Google, Meta, Nvidia, IBM, Cisco, Oracle, Tesla, Intel, Palantir, JPMorgan, and Boeing, among others—with “the destruction of their relevant units in exchange for every assassination in Iran.” (None of the named corporations responded to requests for comment.) The I.R.G.C. later threatened OpenAI’s Stargate data center, specifically. The dynamic validates the dark prophecy issued last July by Sam Winter-Levy, a fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. While so much of the U.S. political discourse focused on the Silicon Valley oligarchs who stood behind Trump at his inauguration, and seemed prepared to tolerate his Gulf of America–style provocations in exchange for modest A.I. regulation, Winter-Levy saw a more dystopian possibility: He warned that Trump’s plans to partner with Middle Eastern governments on A.I. infrastructure would place data centers “in locations highly vulnerable to attack from hostile actors—and at a time when the risk from cheap drones is intensifying.”

How much damage could Iran actually inflict? As Winter-Levy noted to me, the Iranians “have every incentive to exaggerate their capabilities as leverage or signaling in their negotiations with the U.S.” But the outcome “could range from mild temporary inconveniences for some of the world’s wealthiest companies to much more serious and prolonged outages for critical Gulf public and private services.” In many cases, he noted, even a few hours’ worth of data center outages could cost a company millions of dollars.

Part of what makes such outages hard to predict is that it’s unclear which applications or institutions rely on which data centers, according to Charles Harry, an international security researcher at the University of Maryland. “No one really maps this stuff out,” he said, which makes it difficult to tell how widespread the impacts might be. “The big strategic risk here for the Iranians is that they’re going to hit something that they don’t recognize is critically important, either for the region or globally, that can lead to an unintended escalation.” But even demonstrating that they could, as the I.R.G.C. recently did, might be enough to rattle markets—which Harry thinks is the point. “Their motive is all about applying pressure on the United States in an asymmetric way,” he said. Indeed, while hyperscalers have invested a lot of money into defending against cyberthreats, they haven’t prepared nearly as much for physical ones. “When so many A.I. technologies depend on the infrastructure of a couple of companies around the world, the ability to target that creates more single-point-of-failure risks,” said Justin Sherman, the founder and C.E.O. of Global Cyber Strategies. Describing the push to build A.I. infrastructure in the Middle East as a “reckless rush,” he said that the U.S. government now presumably recognizes the risks. “They should have seen them to begin with,” he added. (The Department of Defense did not respond to a request for comment.) Assuming the current Iranian regime survives, large-cap companies seeking to build or stay in the Middle East will have to consider additional, enormous expenses such as air defense, according to Dmitri Alperovitch, the cybersecurity expert formerly of Crowdstrike, which he co-founded. At that point, the region’s abundance of cheap land and power will be less of a bargain. “You have to think hard about the trade-offs of operating in the region,” he told me, adding that from a national security perspective, fewer data centers in the Middle East arguably wouldn’t be a bad thing. And since most model training happens in the U.S., he said, a slowdown in the region wouldn’t necessarily translate to a slowdown in A.I.—just another factor for investors and governments to consider, and to pay to mitigate. Still, he doesn’t think a Middle Eastern data center pullback is likely. Those governments see it “as a national priority to have sovereign A.I. infrastructure,” Alperovitch said. After the war, he suggested, many of these companies will plow money into reconstruction. “I think the costs of compute in that region may go up, but if the governments are willing to subsidize it, someone is going to satisfy that need,” he added. “They’re going to figure it out.”

That’s all for today. I’ll see you on Thursday. Ian

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